Terrorism : It’s Consequences And Impact On Various Elements

Pic :: All About Terrorism  Terrorism
Terrorism : It’s Consequences And Impact On Various Elements
It is not very sure as to when and where did the first of the many of it’s kind of the terrorism that started in the world but the old history says that it started sometimes on the religious argument way back in the 1^st century.
Some say that it was on the religious ground and that was the start of the terrorism . It is very hard to recollect what actually constituted terrorism but this slowly started to become one of the most unacceptable and the most heinous act that could be present in the world.
While it is impossible to definitively ascertain when it was first used, that which we today call terrorism traces its roots back at least some 2,000 years. Moreover, today’s terrorism has, in some respects come full circle, with many of its contemporary practitioners motivated by religious convictions – something which drove many of their earliest predecessors. It has also, in the generally accepted usage of the word, often possessed a political dimension
Terrorism has become a GLOBAL phenomenon and a study for the same could be made as this needs to be wiped out absolutely from the earth.
The Global Terrorism (GT) is a comprehensive study analysing the impact of terrorism for 163 countries, covering 99.7 per cent of the world’s population.
Resources by the way of which this study could be gauged and done
No it is not a easy task even to assemble all the resources and to mingle them to find out or to trace out by which way can the study be complete but an effort by me is here and this could be a small eort which might NOT be hundred percent true to be construed that what I write about terrorism is all true and correct but an attempt is made by me to resource and conclude my studies for and on the same subject.
Terrorism is that is commited because of some filthy reason and again to wipe out the terror is an attempt to counter the terrorism.
Given the resources committed to counter-terrorism, it is particularly important to analyse and aggregate the available data to better understand its various properties. Examples of the information contained in this report are:
1). The differing socio-economic conditions under which terrorism occurs.
2). The longer term trends and how terrorism changes over time.
3). The geopolitical drivers associated with terrorism and ideological aims of terrorists groups.
4). The types of strategies deployed by terrorists, their tactical targets and how these have evolved over time.
In this context, one of the key aims of the GTI (Global Terrorism Index) is to examine these trends and to help inform a positive and practical debate about the future of terrorism and the required policy responses.
How to define terrorism is one pertinent question that many ask for?.There are no precise and appropriate answer to the same. There are many forms of terrorism.It could be a COLD CALL THREAT to somebody or it could be slaining the lives by even bombing which we see happening it everyday.
Defining terrorism is not a straightforward matter. There is no single internationally accepted definition of what constitutes terrorism, and the terrorism literature abounds with competing definitions and typologies. IEP accepts the terminology and definitions agreed to by the authors of the GTD, the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) researchers and its advisory panel. The GTI therefore defines terrorism as “the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation”.

Well this could be the definition that could be made out by looking at the act of terrorism that takes place, and this definition recognises that terrorism it not only the physical act of an attack, but also the psychological impact it has on a society for many years after.

Whether this definition could be included or not, however, in order to be included as an incident in the GTD the act has to be: “an intentional act of violence or threat of violence by a non-state actor". This means an incident has to meet three criteria in order for it to be counted as a terrorist act:
1. The incident must be intentional – the result of a conscious calculation on the part of a perpetrator.
2. The incident must entail some level of violence or threat of violence — including property damage, as well as violence against people.
3. The perpetrators of the incidents must be sub-national actors.
This database does not include acts of state terrorism. In addition to this baseline definition, two of the following three criteria have to be met in order to be included in the START database from 1997:
The violent act was aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal. The violent act included evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience other than to the immediate victims. The violent act was outside the precepts of international humanitarian law. In cases where there is insufficient information to make a definitive distinction about whether it is a terrorist incident within the confines of the definition, the database codes these incidents as ‘doubt terrorism proper.’ In order to only count unambiguous incidents of terrorism this study does not include doubted incidents. It is important to understand how incidents are counted.
KEY FINDINGS GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX (GTI)
The global terrorism Index conducted a few studies and it obtained certain results that have been used to make this article and the studies to ascertain certain inference and the observations that could be derieved and ascertained out of the same :
The results revealed and ascertained are here as ascribed::
Ouit of the 159 countres that were studied upon, 96, ie ,  Seventy-six countries improved their scores in the 2016 GTI while 53 countries deteriorated. However, the overall GTI score deteriorated by six per cent since last year due to many countries experiencing record levels of terrorism. The five countries with the highest impact from terrorism as measured by the GTI are Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria.

These five countries accounted for 72 per cent of all deaths from terrorism in 2015. Deaths from terrorism decreased by ten per cent in 2015 to 29,376.
This is the first decrease in number of deaths recorded since 2010. Iraq and Nigeria had the biggest decreases with 5,556 fewer deaths. This constitutes a 32 per cent reduction in these two countries since 2014 In OECD member countries, deaths from terrorism dramatically increased in 2015, rising by 650 per cent when compared to 2014. Twenty-one of the 34 OECD countries experienced at least one terrorist attack with the majority of deaths occurring in Turkey and France. ISIL-affiliated groups undertook attacks in 28 countries in 2015, up from 13 countries in 2014.
One might be surprised to learn and know that there are about 270 plus of the terrorist group, and there were 274 known terrorist groups that carried out an attack in 2015, of these 103 groups did not kill anyone. Twenty-three countries recorded their highest number of deaths from terrorism in 2015. This is six more than the previous high of 17 countries in 2014.
A study of terrorism in 2015-2016
The 2016 Global Terrorism Index finds that in 2015 the total number of attacks and deaths from terrorism both decreased by ten per cent.
This is notable after the 84 per cent increase in deaths in the prior year and indicates a possible turning point in the fight against terrorism. The change has mainly come about because of decreased activity of Boko Haram in Nigeria and ISIL in Iraq following their respective military setbacks. It is the first time since 2010 that deaths caused by terrorism have fallen. Although the decline is encouraging, 2015 was still the second deadliest year for terrorism out of the last 16 years, with nearly a ninefold increase in the number of deaths when compared to 2000.
Terrorist attacks decreased ten per cent to 12,089, compared to 13,486 in 2014. The large fall in the total number of deaths can mainly be attributed to declines in Iraq, Nigeria and Pakistan. Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Syria remain the five countries most affected by terrorism as measured by the GTI.
The GTI scores the impact of terrorism based on the number of terrorist incidents in the past five years, fatalities from these attacks, injuries and damage to property. These five countries have been at the top of the index for the last three years. However, there have been substantial improvements in Iraq, Nigeria and Pakistan. In contrast, the average country score for the GTI, a measure of the impact of terrorism, deteriorated by six per cent. However, 76 countries improved their scores, while only 53 deteriorated. This highlights the complexity of the distribution and impact of terrorism with the most affected countries improving, as well as many others, but a significant group of countries recording their worst year for terrorism since 2000. There were 27 countries which experienced a deterioration in their GTI score of more than ten per cent in 2015. These include: Burundi, France, Belgium, Kuwait, Niger, Saudi Arabia and Niger. Iraq and Nigeria had 5,556 fewer deaths from terrorism in 2015 than in the previous year. This constitutes a 32 per cent reduction for these two countries. Iraq and Nigeria, along with Afghanistan, were the countries with the highest number of deaths in both 2014 and 2015
Anything and everything thar realted to the terrorism, was mainly driven by the spread of ISIL and its supporters into other countries. ISIL-affiliated groups undertook attacks in 28 countries in 2015, up from 13 countries in 2014. The other group which accounted for most of the increase was Boko Haram, which expanded from three to five countries
OECD countries also experienced substantial increases in terrorism, with Turkey and France being particularly affected. In 2015 Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Turkey recorded the most deaths from terrorism in a single year since 2000. The largest increase occurred in Turkey, where both ISIL and the PKK became more active, resulting in the number of deaths rising from 20 in 2014 to 337 in 2015. France also experienced a dramatic increase in 2015 due to the Paris attacks in November, which killed 136 and the Île-de-France attacks which killed 20. This compares to the average of one person a year being killed for the prior 15 years in France.
Germany, Sweden and Denmark were also affected, recording six, four and two deaths respectively. This was the first year since 2010 that any of these countries had recorded a death.
At the time of writing, the deadliest incident in 2016 was in Nice, when Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel drove a truck through a Bastille Day celebration, killing at least 85 people and injuring over 300. Military operations coincided with a decline in terrorism in Pakistan. The Pakistan Army began Operation Zarb-e-Azb in mid 2014 focused on the North Waziristan district of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, an area known as a safe haven for militants. This has had a significant impact on the Tehrik-i-Taliban, with military officials reporting that over 3,000 members were killed and that members had fled into Afghanistan to join the conflict there. The organisation is also experiencing infighting over succession since the death of its leader Hakimullah Mehsud by a drone strike in November 2013.
2015 was also a difficult year for Bangladesh, resulting in the most attacks and deaths since at least 2000, although the lethality rate per attack was low. There were 459 attacks which resulted in 75 deaths. Historically, terrorism in Bangladesh has been carried out by local groups such as Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen, a group which was allegedly involved in the July 2016 Holey Artisan Bakery attack in Dhaka that resulted in 29 deaths. However, for the first time al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent and a local ISIL affiliate engaged in attacks, resulting in 11 deaths in 2015. Libya, a country that has been in crisis since the Arab Spring and the ousting of its leader Muammar Qaddafi in 2011, has seen a significant increase over the last five year
Terrorist attacks:: Increase and decrease
Amongst the super-power and most influential nation or a country that can be counted upon for it’s tactical military operation,France has a very high level of lethality due to a series of large attacks, including the November Paris attacks and the Île-de-France attacks. Of the 35 attacks in France in 2015 there were 161 deaths, averaging 4.6 deaths per attack. Kuwait had one terrorist attack which resulted in 28 deaths. The distribution of deaths per attack varies widely between countries due to the differing tactics of the terrorist groups and the messages that they wish to send.
When one talks of India one might find that the terrorism operation by the terrorist started in India way back in 1989 by the Pakistani trained ISI and it’s Military which sponsors these terrorist attack . In 2015 India had the highest number of attacks since 2000, whilst paradoxically it had the second lowest number of deaths for a single year since 2000.
There are some goals attached to the terror attack that is being carried out at India, and terrorism in India often has very local goals, with separatists and Marxist groups engaging in terrorism as a signaling exercise. As such, 75 per cent of attacks in India had no fatalities, compared to 44 per cent globally. This suggests that groups are seeking to remind governments of their presence without provoking significant military reactions. This may signal the opportunity for mediation or future peace accords that could be negotiated.
India as a country and the country  as India, had 797 attacks that resulted in 289 deaths, compared to 764 attacks with 418 deaths the previous year. The Philippines similarly had many attacks that did not result in deaths. Of the 487 attacks in 2015, 300 of these attacks or 62 per cent did not cause any fatalities. However, terrorist activity is at historically high levels. 2015 was the second deadliest year with the second most attacks since 2000. The worst year for terrorism in the Philippines was in 2013, with over 100 people killed in assassinations coinciding with the general election.
Over 80 per cent of all deaths in 2015 occurred in eight countries: Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Syria, Yemen, Pakistan, Egypt and Somalia. The greatest changes in deaths from terrorism in 2015 occurred in countries involved in armed conflict. The two largest decreases were in Iraq and Nigeria and the three largest increases were in Syria, Yemen and Afghanistan. Terrorism is strongly associated with armed conflict, with conflict dynamics influencing the levels of terrorist activity. Effective military interventions appear to have reduced the impact of terrorism in Iraq,  and INDIA with the Indian military and at times the AIR-FORCE crucifying the terrorists and spanning a fear amongst the terrorist that they would NOT be spared at all for their heinous activity, however the increasing intensity of violent conflicts in Syria, Yemen and Afghanistan have led to rises in the number of terror related fatalities.
SPREAD OF TERRORISM
This spread is evidenced by the increase in the number of countries that experienced more than 25 deaths, increasing by seven to 34. Thailand was the only country to reduce its death rate from terrorism to under 100 in 2015. Six new countries recorded over 100 deaths, increasing the number of countries to 25. These countries were: Burundi, Chad, France, Niger, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Their collective total breached 1,500 deaths in 2015. Each of these countries had fewer than 20 deaths in the prior year, demonstrating that significant changes can occur in a short period of time.
Terrorism is largely centralised in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa regions, which together account for 84 per cent of attacks and 95 per cent of deaths. MENA is the region most affected by terrorism with five countries in the bottom performing ten countries on the GTI. It also had the highest numbers of both terrorist attacks and deaths from terrorism in 2015. Forty-four per cent of all deaths in 2015 occurred in MENA. Over 70 per cent of attacks in MENA were by bombings and explosives. However, the number of bombings decreased by 16 per cent in 2015, but were more lethal resulting in a 20 per cent increase in deaths. This reflects that groups have become more efficient and lethal in their use of explosives and may engage in tactics to maximise fatalities.
South Asia is the second most affected region with three countries among the ten worst countries on the GTI: Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The region also had the second highest number of attacks and the third highest number of deaths from terrorism. Attacks decreased by seven per cent, whilst deaths went up by one per cent since 2014. In South Asia bombings and explosives account for 51 per cent of attacks and firearms for 32 per cent. The Taliban increased their use of firearms, with the majority of attacks targeting the police, which in part explains the increase in deaths in the region. Sub-Saharan Africa had the largest decrease in deaths in 2015, with 2,817 fewer deaths compared to 2014. This was due to fewer deaths in the Central African Republic, Nigeria and South Sudan. Most of the attacks were by firearms with bombings and explosives making up a smaller percentage of terrorist attacks. Asia-Pacific accounted for seven per cent of all attacks and two per cent of deaths. Many of the terrorist attacks in this region are related to local political goals and the violence often does not result in any deaths.. Both Central America and the Caribbean and the North America regions had small increases in terrorism and from a low base, with two and five per cent more deaths respectively in 2015. North America (the United States and Canada) had 12 attacks and 40 deaths in 2015. Europe had a substantial increase in terrorism, where 487 more people were killed.
The number of attacks did not fall at the same pace as deaths, highlighting that the attacks on private citizens were less lethal. The percentage of attacks on private citizens fell by four per cent to 43 per cent of attacks in 2015. Figure 1.15 shows the breakdown of target types for 2015, the most recent full year of data. Attacks on police, the second highest category, also declined, with 500 fewer attacks in 2015 resulting in 23 per cent fewer deaths. This decline is explained by the reduction in ISIL activity in Iraq. In contrast, the Taliban continued to increase their attacks on police, although the increase was not enough to offset the declines by ISIL. In 2014 the Taliban had 35 per cent more attacks against police targets than in 2015, which resulted in 22 per cent more deaths than the previous year, a change of 411 people. While there was an overall decline in attacks on civilians, there was an increase in attacks on the military and government. Military targets are the third largest category of deaths, after private citizens and police. Deaths of military personnel increased by 54 per cent, up from 2,520 people in 2014 to 3,885 in 2015. This increase in military attacks is largely attributable to the Taliban. Three quarters of attacks on military targets in 2015 were suicide attacks, while over half of the deaths were caused by bombings and explosions
Governments, the third largest category, recorded 400 fewer attacks than in 2014. However, there was an eight per cent increase in deaths from these attacks, highlighting the increased lethality of these attacks. They increased from 1,804 in 2014 to just over 1,950 in 2015. Attacks on government include attacks on government buildings, events by political parties, government employees such as judges, politicians and public servants. The majority of attacks on government occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, the Philippines, Pakistan and India.
The number of attacks did not fall at the same pace as deaths, highlighting that the attacks on private citizens were less lethal. The percentage of attacks on private citizens fell by four per cent to 43 per cent of attacks in 2015. Figure 1.15 shows the breakdown of target types for 2015, the most recent full year of data. Attacks on police, the second highest category, also declined, with 500 fewer attacks in 2015 resulting in 23 per cent fewer deaths. This decline is explained by the reduction in ISIL activity in Iraq. In contrast, the Taliban continued to increase their attacks on police, although the increase was not enough to offset the declines by ISIL. In 2014 the Taliban had 35 per cent more attacks against police targets than in 2015, which resulted in 22 per cent more deaths than the previous year, a change of 411 people. While there was an overall decline in attacks on civilians, there was an increase in attacks on the military and government. Military targets are the third largest category of deaths, after private citizens and police. Deaths of military personnel increased by 54 per cent, up from 2,520 people in 2014 to 3,885 in 2015. This increase in military attacks is largely attributable to the Taliban. Three quarters of attacks on military targets in 2015 were suicide attacks, while over half of the deaths were caused by bombings and explosions.
Governments, the third largest category, recorded 400 fewer attacks than in 2014. However, there was an eight per cent increase in deaths from these attacks, highlighting the increased lethality of these attacks. They increased from 1,804 in 2014 to just over 1,950 in 2015. Attacks on government include attacks on government buildings, events by political parties, government employees such as judges, politicians and public servants. The majority of attacks on government occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, the Philippines, Pakistan and India.
This discrepancy between the number of attacks and deaths reflects that the nature of terrorism in India is different than in other countries. Many of the groups are seeking political recognition, with attacks aimed at killing people. In 2015 deaths from terrorism in India decreased to the second lowest level since 2000. It was because the military took over defending the country from the attack of the terror groups, and  there were 289 deaths in 2015, a reduction of 45 per cent from the previous year. However, there were four per cent more attacks, totalling 800 and representing the highest number since 2000.
There were 18 groups that had a fatal attack, down from 27 groups in 2014. Four groups that accounted for 72 per cent of all deaths in 2015. In contrast, in 2014 these same groups accounted for only 60 per cent of all deaths. Terrorism in India is characterised by communist, Islamists and separatist groups. Communist terrorist groups are by far the most frequent perpetrators and the main cause of terrorism deaths in India. Two Maoist communist groups claimed responsibility for 176 deaths in 2015, which constitutes 61 per cent of all deaths. Police are overwhelmingly the largest target group of Maoists, accounting for a third of deaths, followed by private citizens who are targeted in around 20 per cent of deaths with other categories including the government and businesses. The majority of Maoist attacks occurred in the provinces of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha. The dispute with Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir is the main source of Islamist terrorism. The two deadliest Islamist terrorist groups in 2015 in India were Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Hizbul Mujahideen, which are also operating in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. Lashkar-e-Taiba mainly operates in Pakistan and was responsible for 22 deaths in 2015. Hizbul Mujahideen, an Islamist group allegedly based in Pakistan, has been responsible for fewer deaths since its peak in 2013. The group was responsible for 30 deaths in 2013, which fell to 11 the following year and to seven deaths in 2015. India’s north east region has for the last three decades seen continual ethno-political unrest from ethnic secessionist movements. The deadliest of these groups in 2015 were the Garo National Liberation Army which killed ten people and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) which killed five.
Economic Impact Of Global terrorism
There have been three peaks in the economic impact of terrorism since the year 2000 and they are linked to the three major waves of terrorism. The first large increase in the economic impact of terrorism happened in 2001, when the attacks of September 11 in New York and Washington D.C. took place. The second peak was in 2007 at the height of the Iraq war. The 2007 increase is mainly attributed to al-Qa’ida affiliated terrorist groups and coincided with the coalition troop surge in Iraq. The third wave started in 2012 and is still continuing, with the economic impact of terrorism peaking at US$105.6 billion in 2014. The increase in the last four years was mainly driven by increases in terrorism in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan.
The total economic impact of violence reached $13.6 trillion in 2015 (PPP) or 13.3 per cent of global GDP.
The economic impact of terrorism is calculated using IEP’s cost of violence methodology. The model for terrorism includes the direct and indirect cost of deaths and injuries as well as the property destruction from incidents of terrorism. The direct costs include costs borne by the victims of the terrorist acts and associated government expenditure, such as medical spending. The indirect costs include lost productivity and earning as well as the psychological trauma to the victims, their families and friends. Unit costs for deaths and injuries are sourced from McCollister et al (2010). To account for the income differences for each country, the unit costs are scaled based on country GDP per capita relative to the source of the unit costs. The analysis uses data on incidents of terrorism from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) which is collected and collated by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), a Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence led by the University of Maryland. The data provides the number of deaths and injuries for each incident as well as the extent of property destruction. In addition, the data provides estimated dollar values of property destruction for a sample of incidents. The property destruction estimates from the GTD are then used to generate costs of property destroyed by various types of terrorist attacks. Each of the different property costs is further calibrated by country income type; OECD, high income non-OECD, upper middle income, lower middle income and lower income country groups. Where countries suffer more than 1,000 deaths from terrorism, IEP’s model includes losses of national output, equivalent to two per cent of GDP.1 Terrorism has implications for the larger economy depending on the duration, level and intensity of the terrorist activities. At the macroeconomic level, terrorism leads to reduced business activity, production and investment. In addition, it also diverts public resources to counterterrorismrelated security services.
EFFECTS OF TERRORISM ON TOURISM
Tourism and tourism-related services such as aviation and transport, is one of the sectors of the economy that suffers the most from terrorism. Travel and tourism contributed US$7.2 trillion to global GDP in 2015, or 9.8 per cent of the global total.

Pic  Global Effect on economy
The adverse economic effects of terrorism on the tourism sector are felt by all countries that suffer terrorist attacks, regardless of whether or not these incidents are targeted at tourists. Since 2000, Yemen, India, Algeria, Colombia and Pakistan have seen the largest numbers of terrorist attacks directed against tourists. Terrorism targeted at tourists occurs in a diverse set of countries, but especially in the MENA and South America regions.
Terrorism may be directed at tourists because they are a vulnerable and visible group, they may be seen to represent foreign intrusion, or because the attacks are aimed at destabilising the economy. The direct costs of terrorism on the tourism sector include decreased tourist numbers, leading to decreased spending and lower GDP. Indirect costs include decreased employment in the tourism sector and reduced flow-on effects to other industries, such as food service and cleaning and maintenance businesses.
Between 2008 and 2014, tourism and travel’s average contribution to GDP growth was 3.6 per cent in countries that had no terrorist attacks targeting tourists. In countries where attacks deliberately targeted tourists, it amounted to 1.9 per cent.
France and Italy provide an example of the change in the tourism sector in developed countries that experience terrorism versus those that do not. Tunisia and Morocco provide a similar example for developing countries.
France experienced a number of major terrorist attacks in 2015. From 2014 to 2015, the GDP contribution from tourism fell by US$1.7 billion. During the same period Italy, with no deaths from terrorism, grew its tourism sector by US$4.9 billion. Similarly, Tunisia, which experienced a serious attack on the Sousse beach in 2015, has lost US$1.2 billion in tourism revenue. In 2015, one million fewer tourists visited Tunisia compared to the prior year.9 On the other hand, Morocco, a country where no deaths from terrorism occurred, increased tourism and travel by US$400 million from 2014 to 2015.
Regards

Shyamal Bhattacharjee



Mr Shyamal Bhattacharjee, the author was born at West Chirimiri Colliery at District Surguja, Chattisgarh on July 6th 1959 He received his early education at Carmel Convent School Bishrampur and later at Christ Church Boys' Higher Secondary School at Jabalpur. He later joined Hislop College at Nagpur and completed his graduation in Science and he also added a degree in    B A thereafter. He joined the HITAVADA, a leading dailies of Central India at Nagpur as a      Sub-Editor ( Sports ) but gave up to complete his MBA in 1984 He thereafter added a Diploma In Export Management. He has authored THREE books namely Notable Quotes and Noble Thought published by Pustak Mahal in 2001 Indian Cricket : Faces That Changed It  published by Manas Publications in 2009 and Essential Of Office Management published by NBCA, Kolkatta  in 2012. He has a experience of about 35 years in Marketing .